Cache Coherence Protocol Overhead in Non-Uniform Memory Access Architectures: An Empirical Analysis of MESIF State Transitions Under Heterogeneous Workload Contention
Keywords:
NUMA architecture, MESIF cache coherence protocol, snoop filter saturation, false sharing penalty, hardware performance counters, inter-socket memory latency, heterogeneous workload contention, directory-based coherence, many-core microarchitectureAbstract
Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architectures present persistent coherence overhead challenges when MESIF-protocol state machines experience high-frequency invalidation cascades under heterogeneous thread workloads. This study empirically characterizes cache coherence traffic patterns across a 4-socket Intel Xeon Scalable (Sapphire Rapids) system running mixed read-write workloads derived from real-world HPC and database benchmarks. Using hardware performance counters and cycle-accurate simulation via gem5, we quantify inter-node snoop filter saturation thresholds, false-sharing penalties, and directory-entry eviction rates. Our findings demonstrate that workload-induced state-transition storms increase inter-socket memory latency by 34–61% beyond theoretical NUMA penalties. We further identify a novel mitigation strategy involving adaptive snoop-filter partitioning, reducing coherence traffic by up to 28% without architectural modification. These results carry immediate implications for OS-level NUMA-aware thread scheduling and microarchitectural design in next-generation many-core processors.
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